Daily English Vocab Capsule Day 7

A brief history of the past 70 years

One of the outcomes of the recently concluded Assembly elections is that India is set to have the same party ruling at the Centre and in many of the States. While this may have had some advantages in the past, such as for the decisive ending of stagnation after a century of colonial rule, a dispersion of power is desirable for our democracy. India after all is not some small European country. Not only is it set to become the world’s largest country in a matter of decades but it is also an economy challenged by poverty. There is also great cultural and religious diversity here. A governance equal to this configuration is vital.

At an ominous juncture

Therefore, the Bharatiya Janata Party’s choice of a mahant as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh is ominous (threateningly inauspicious) from this point of view. The politics that it represents needs to be challenged, but the question is how this is to be achieved. In the Westminster model of government that we follow, dispersion of power requires a strong opposition at the Centre. It is the absence of any real opposition to the Congress for three decades after 1947 that is responsible for India’s slow progress despite its quite spectacular beginning under Jawaharlal Nehru. Political parties become complacent (showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements.) when they face no opposition. It has been pointed out that it is States which witnessed political competition that have made the most progress. The examples usually cited are Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Thus with the BJP in power open-endedly, we may find a faster pace of development, but may find ourselves under a more authoritarian governance. It is also conceivable that despite economic buoyancy the minorities may feel alienated (पृथक करना) by the politics of Hindutva even though some of the associated rhetoric has been toned down of late. To avert both these possibilities it is important that the BJP remains challenged by a strong opposition at the Centre.

Right now this can be imagined as coming from the Congress alone for it is the only other national party though in reduced circumstances. But this cannot be guaranteed. To effectively be the opposition, India’s grand old party would have to not just rethink its strategy but reflect seriously on what it stands for today. Why have the people of U.P. chosen to vote into government a party that has not a great deal to show in terms of countrywide economic indicators? The economy has slowed and is nowhere near achieving the double-digit growth promised during the general election of 2014. Inflation is lower but far from tamed, with the price of dal, the poor man’s protein, reaching close to Rs. 200 per kg on occasion. To top it all, there was the demonetisation, which by all grassroots accounts led to a dip in output.

Yet the BJP has walked away with the prize of power in India’s largest State by far. Accounts such as that the BJP has merely “tapped into its vote bank” imply an irreversible slide, which is hopelessly pessimistic. They fail to acknowledge that the BJP has been voted out in U.P. in the past, most significantly at the first opportunity after the demolition of the Babri Masjid. It has returned to power only after a spell in the wilderness (in the wilderness means they (related figure) no longer have a position of authority), after the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Samajwadi Party had been given a chance to deliver broad-based development.

The midnight reminder

While the Congress’s leadership has said little publicly on its defeat in U.P., some of its spokespersons exhibited a thoughtfulness on television soon after when they spoke of a need to reflect deeply on the inability of the party to come up with a winning formula, so to speak. If the party ever gets down to such an exercise seriously, it need do nothing more than study Nehru’s conduct as Prime Minister. And they could make no better a start than to listen to his public address at midnight on August 14, 1947. There, between the weary (उबाऊ/थकाऊ) voice and measured cadence (a modulation or inflection of the voice.), members of today’s Congress party would find a purpose worth reclaiming. Nehru had spoken of independence as essentially an opportunity for “end (ing of) poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.” There is clarity in this, for Nehru could see that without it Independence would amount to no more that replacing a colonial autocracy (a system of government by one person with absolute power.) with a native one.

It is interesting that while even “prosperity” makes an appearance later in the speech ‘secularism’ is altogether missing from it. Does this mean that Nehru was somehow lacking in commitment to it? Not even his most ardent (उत्साही) critics would dare propose this. Or can it be said that Nehru could afford to not foreground secularism in a way that the Congress must today as the climate has changed considerably since? Hardly. Nehru was speaking even as communal violence enacted a deathly dance around him. And his subsequent actions speak not only for where he stood vis-a-vis (in relation to; with regard to.) the question of the role of religion in the nascent (नवजात) republic but also of the role of the government in ensuring the safety of India’s Muslims post Partition. Eyewitness accounts speak of him as a man possessed haranguing (भाषण देना) roving (घुमंतू) gangs of Hindus seeking revenge on Delhi’s streets in August 1947.

Some years later he was to ensure the re-codification of Hindu personal law with a view to redressing (सुधारना) the balance against women. Petitions seeking justice in marriage that have reached the Supreme Court from Christian and Muslim women suggest that he erred (ग़लती होना/विचलित होना)in not giving the same treatment to all religions. But he had stopped with this. Unlike the Congress after Indira Gandhi, he did not allow his commitment to safeguarding the rights of India’s minorities to be exchanged for any empowerment of the clergy (the body of all people ordained for religious duties). This was to come much later and was to take a particularly jarring form in some States where, from the women’s rights to freedom of expression for artists, the Congress has shown itself anxious to appease clergymen from the minorities.

Nothing, however, can match the cynical (Skeptical) calculations of Rajiv Gandhi, in response to the Shah Bano case and the Ram temple agitation, which appeased the most reactionary sections of Muslims and Hindus, respectively. With it the path was cleared for the rise of the BJP. It is entirely in the hands of the Congress to return to being a party that keeps religion out of politics except of course to ensure that an individual’s right to worship, without trampling (रौंद देना/कूचलना) on the rights of others, is preserved. The ideal is summed up perfectly by Nehru who had ended his speech with: “All of us, to whatever religion we may belong, are equally the children of India with equal rights, privileges and obligations.”

The Congress’s second moment after the national movement was to come in 1991 when it averted (prevent or ward off (an undesirable occurrence).) a default on India’s international obligations. Led by P.V. Narasimha Rao, it steered the country away from a diminution (अवनति/ह्रास)of its political stature that was assured were it to renege on them. There was also some contingent (निर्भर) restructuring of the economy. One need only glance at post-Communist Russia to see how the Rao-Manmohan Singh duo managed the transition with some finesse. It is only later, under the UPA, that the Congress got identified with not only dynastic privilege but also allowing economic inequality to spin out of control. Now the concerns of the corporate sector, including a hankering (लालायित होना) for recognition by the U.S., came to be privileged over that of the ordinary Indian. The government came to be seen as distant, and instances of the ingenious (cleverly and originally devised and well suited to its purpose.) use of the state apparatus to amass private wealth under a liberalised policy regime came to light. Examples of the latter range from telecom to aviation.

There’s still time

With this the path already cleared for the BJP was widened. By the time of the elections in U.P. Narendra Modi had repositioned himself as the deliverer of broad-based development, a role that historically belonged to the Congress. It was this very role that Nehru had in mind when on the eve of Independence he spoke of prosperity being “indivisible”. It is still not too late for the Congress leadership to internalise this. Above all, in the coarser language of today, Nehru had “walked the talk”. Economic inequality declined as a result of his policies and the man himself died owning far less than he had inherited.

Courtesy: The Hindu (Political)

1. Complacent (adjective): Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements. (संतुष्ट)

Synonyms: Smug, Self-satisfied, Self-contended.

Antonyms: Discontented, Dissatisfied.

Example: Although Chuck wanted an 'A' in the class, he was complacent with a 'B'.

Related words:

Complacency (noun) – सन्तोष

Origin: From Latin complacens, present participle of complacere to please greatly.

2. Alienate (Verb): Make (someone) feel isolated or estranged. (पृथक करना)

Synonyms: Estrange, Turn Away, Set Apart, Isolate, Detach.

Antonyms: Combine, Join, Unite.

Example: The restaurant owner hesitates to change his menu because he does not want to alienate his regular customers.

Verb forms: Alienate, Alienated, Alienated.

Origin: From Latin alienus means not one's own.

3. Weary (adjective): Feeling or showing extreme tiredness/ tiring and tedious. (उबाऊ/थकाऊ)

Synonyms: Bored, Exhausted, Tiring, Prostrate.

Antonyms: Energetic, Fresh, Invigorated.

Example: Although the police officers are weary, they will not rest until they find the missing baby.

Origin: From German werig means intoxicated.

4. Harangue (Verb): Lecture (someone) at length in an aggressive and critical manner. (भाषण देना)

Synonyms: Lecture, Rant, Tirade, Diatribe.

Example: The comedian harangued hilariously about obnoxious celebrities.

Verb forms: Harangue, Harangued, Harangued.

Related words:

Harangue (noun) - भाषण

Origin: In Old Italian, the noun "aringo" referred to a public assembly, the verb aringare meant "to speak in public," and the noun "aringa" referred to a public speech. "Aringa" was borrowed into Middle French as arenge, and it is from this form that we get our noun "harangue,".

5. Redress (Verb): Remedy or set right (an undesirable or unfair situation). (सुधारना)

Synonyms: Rectify, Correct, Right, Reform, Amend.

Antonyms: Damage.

Example: The Company hopes to redress the victim’s injury by paying out a million dollar settlement.

Verb forms: Redress, Redressed, Redressed.

Related words:

Redress (noun) - remedy or compensation for a wrong or grievance.

6. Err (Verb): Be mistaken or incorrect (ग़लती होना/विचलित होना)

Synonyms: Mistake, Blunder, Miscalculate.

Antonyms: Correct.

Example: The pharmacist carefully fills prescriptions so she will not err and harm a patient.

Verb forms: Err, Erred, Erred.

Related words:

Error (noun) - ग़लती

Origin:  From Lain Errare means to stray.

7. Trample (Verb): Tread on and crush./  to treat other people's rights, wishes, or feelings as if they are worthless or not important. (रौंद देना/कूचलना)

Synonyms: Crush, Infringe, Override.

Antonyms: Aid, Assist, Cure.

Example: In Dictatorship, rights of common people get trampled.

Verb forms: Trample, Trampled, Trampled.

8. Diminution (noun): The act, process, or an instance of becoming gradually less (as in size or importance). (अवनति/ह्रास)

Synonyms: Curtailment, Decline, Reduction.

Antonyms: Growth, Improvement, Increase.

Example: The diminution of military troops will leave our country more vulnerable to invasion.

Verb forms: Diminish, Diminished, Diminished.

Origin:  via Old French from Latin verb deminuere means to Diminish.

9. Contingent (adjective): Occurring or existing only if (certain circumstances) are the case; dependent on.  (निर्भर)

Synonyms: Dependent, Conditional, Subject To, Based On, Determined By, Hinging On.

Antonyms: Unconditional, Independent.

Example: The use of the discount coupon is contingent upon a customer purchasing at least fifty dollars worth of groceries.

Origin: from Latin contingens, present participle of contingere (com- + tangere) to have contact with, befall.

10. Hanker (Verb): To have a strong or persistent desire. (लालायित होना)

Synonym:  Crave, Want, Desire, Yearn.

Antonyms: Dislike, Hate, Despise, Be averse

Example: Since Kelly has a hankering to listen to music, she’s going to a jazz club tonight.

Verb forms: Hanker, Hankered, Hankered.

Related words:

Hankering (noun) - तीव्र इच्छा

Origin: From Dutch Hunkeren means to yearn.

Success Stories Which Tells Us That "Never Give up in Your Life".

10 Inspirational & Successful People Who Did Not Let Failure Define Them

Everybody, at some point in their lives, has experienced failure. It could be something as simple as not getting the job you wanted, or getting fewer marks even after working your ass off. But what defines you is not your failure, but how you get back up after being hit.

Here are the failure-to-success stories of some famous people all over the world, that will definitely inspire you on one of those days when you have just given up hope.

1. A sports star

BEFORE:

Once, a young school boy was caught in a fire accident in his school and was assumed that he would not live. His mother was told that he was sure to die, for the terrible fire had devastated the lower half of his body. Even if he were to survive, he would be a cripple throughout his life.

But the brave boy did not want to die nor did he want to be a cripple. Much to be the amazement of the doctor, he did survive. But unfortunately from his waist down, he had no motor ability. His thin legs just dangled there, lifeless. Ultimately he was discharged from the hospital. But his determination to walk was indomitable. At home, when he was not in bed, he was confined to a wheelchair. One day, he threw himself from the chair and pulled himself across the grass, dragging his legs behind him. He reached the picket fence, raised himself up and then stake by stake, he began dragging himself along the fence, his resolve to walk undeterred. He did this every day, with faith in himself that he would be able to walk unaided. With his iron persistence and his resolute determination, he did develop the ability to stand up, then to walk haltingly, then to walk by himself and then to run.

AFTER:

He began to walk to school, then run to school, to run for the sheer joy of running. Later in college he made the track team.

In February 1934, in New York City’s famed Madison Square Garden, this young man who was not expected to survive, who would surely never walk, who could never hope to run – this determined young man, Dr. Glenn Cunningham, ran the world’s fastest mile.

An epitome of the power of positive thinking and faith in one’s self, Glenn Cunningham continues to be an inspiration for many, and his story, a brilliant testimony to how one can bounce back even when all odds are stacked against one, to the extent that death seemed the preferable option.

2. An entrepreneur

BEFORE:

He had a troubled childhood – his parents separated, and his stepfather was physically abusive to his mother and siblings. His mother was falsely convicted twice because of his stepfather’s allegations. Because they had no one to take care of them, he, along with and his siblings, had to stay in a foster home at the age of 8. His first marriage failed partly due to his choice of opting out of a medical career and because he cheated on his wife. Not only did he fail miserably at his job as a medical equipment salesman, but his girlfriend also deserted him due to his deteriorating financial conditions. Homeless, he stayed with his son at motels, parks, airports and once even in a public toilet. He toiled incessantly at a brokerage firm during the daytime, stood in long queues so as to sleep under a roof at night.

AFTER:

After passing the licensing exam in 1982, he became a full-time employee of Dean Witter. He established his own brokerage firm Gardner Rich & Co. in 1987, in which he owns 75% of the stock. He sold a small stake in Gardener Rich in 2006 in a multi-million dollar deal.

He is none other than Chris Gardner, the C.E.O and founder of Christopher Gardner International Holdings – with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. His life was portrayed in a Hollywood film – The Pursuit of Happyness – which not only went on to be a blockbuster, but was also loved by audiences worldwide.

3. An Indian hockey player

BEFORE:

He is an Indian professional field hockey player and an ex-captain of the Indian National Team. He made his international debut in January 2004 in Sultan Azlan Shah Cup In Kuala Lumpur. He took over as the captain of the Indian national team in January 2009. At a time when he was at his peak, he was said to have the best speed in the world in drag flick (speed 145 km/h). On 22 August 2006, Singh was seriously injured after being hit by an accidental gunshot in Shatabadi train, while on his way to join the national team due to leave for the World Cup in Germany two days later. He was almost paralyzed and on a wheelchair for two years of his life.

AFTER:

Sandeep Singh Bhinder not only recovered from that serious injury, but also established himself again in the team.

Under his captaincy, the Indian team managed to clinch the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup in 2009 after defeating Malaysia in the finals at Ipoh. India won the title after a long wait of 13 years. Singh was also the top goal scorer of the tournament.

The India men’s national Hockey team had qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London after a gap of 8 years. The team had a resounding victory over France in the finals of the Olympic qualifiers by beating France 8–1. Ace drag-flicker Singh starred in the final against France by scoring five goals – including a hat-trick – all from penalty corners (19th, 26th, 38th, 49th and 51st minutes). Singh was the highest scorer of the Olympic qualifiers tournament by scoring 16 goals.

He is regarded as one of the best drag flickers of the game.

4. A wildlife presenter on the Discovery Channel

BEFORE:

After leaving school, he briefly considered joining the Indian Army and hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal. Eventually, he joined the Territorial Army and, after passing selection, served as a reservist with the SAS in 21 SAS Regiment (Artists) (Reserve), for three years until 1997.

In 1996, he suffered a free-fall parachuting accident in Zambia. His canopy ripped at 16,000 ft, partially opening, causing him to fall and land on his parachute pack on his back, which partially crushed three vertebrae. He later said: “I should have cut the main parachute and gone to the reserve but thought there was time to resolve the problem”. According to his surgeon, he came “within a whisker” of being paralyzed for life and at first it was questionable whether he would ever walk again. He spent the next 12 months in and out of military rehabilitation.

AFTER:

In a showcase of what pure determination and hard work can do, on 16 May 1998 he achieved his childhood dream climbed to the summit of Mount Everest, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident.

At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat. This is the inspirational story of the amazing Bear Grylls. He is known to the world as a television presenter for the Discovery Channel, with his own show called Man Vs. Wild.

5. A Software engineer

BEFORE:

In the middle of 2009, he was the software engineer that no one wanted to hire. Despite a dozen years of experience at Yahoo and Apple  Computer, he got turned down by two of the internet’s most upcoming companies at the time. First Twitter, and then Facebook. 

AFTER:

When he could not find any other company that would hire him, he teamed up with another Yahoo alum, Jan Koum, and built the application that has not only dominated cloud-based messaging, but is also used all over the world. Yes, this person is none other than Brian Acton, who developed Whatsapp. Whatsapp was acquired by Facebook in 2014 for about $19 billion USD in cash and stock, making Acton’s net worth around $3.8 billion.

6. A Bollywood superstar

BEFORE:

This film star first gained popularity in the early 1970s. So total was his dominance of the movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director François Truffaut called him a “one-man industry.” But there came a time when a number of his films which released consecutively failed at the box office, and just a few years later, his production house tanked, eventually led to its financial and operational collapse in 1997.

AFTER:

However, he soon made a comeback, and as of 2015, is still one of the most bankable, successful and respected stars all over the world. This person is no other than the incredible Amitabh Bachchan.

He has played a range of characters and received critical acclaim for many of them. The recent movie Piku is still earning him nods of approval from all over the world. He is currently 72 years old and proves that age is no barrier!

7. An American rock climber, engineer, and biophysicist

BEFORE:

A prodigy rock climber, by age eight he had scaled the face of the 11,627-foot Mount Temple in the Canadian Rockies, and by 17 he was acknowledged to be one of the best climbers in the United States. In January 1982, after having ascended a difficult technical ice route in Huntington Ravine on Mount Washington in New Hampshire, Herr and a fellow climber Jeff Batzer were caught in a blizzard and became disoriented, ultimately descending into the Great Gulf where they passed three nights in −29 °C degree temperatures. By the time they were rescued, the climbers had suffered severe frostbite. Both of Herr’s legs had to be amputated below the knees; his companion lost his lower left leg, the toes on his right foot, and the fingers on his right hand.

AFTER:

While a postdoctoral fellow at MIT in biomedical devices, he began working on advanced leg prostheses and orthoses, devices that emulate the functionality of the human leg. Using specialized prostheses that he designed, he created prosthetic feet with high toe stiffness that made it possible to stand on small rock edges the width of a coin, and titanium-spiked feet that assisted him in ascending steep ice walls. He used these prostheses to alter his height to avoid awkward body positions and to grab the hand and foot holds previously out of reach. His height could range from five to eight feet.

As a result of using the prostheses, Herr climbed at a more advanced level than he had before the accident, making him the first person with a major amputation to perform in a sport on par with elite-level, able-bodied persons.

8. An entrepreneur, cartoonist, animator, voice actor, and film producer

BEFORE:

Before he became the legend that he is today, this man was struggling to make ends meet. In 1919, while working for a newspaper, he was fired by the newspaper editor because he “lacked imagination and had no good ideas.” In January 1920, he formed a short-lived company with another cartoonist. However, following a rough start, he left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who were not able to run their business alone. Later, though he acquired his own studio which was successful, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. The studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt. After that, he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry’s capital city, Hollywood, California.

AFTER:

He created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Oswald, which was one of his first huge successes in the cartooning business. At that time, he was only receiving a 20 percent cut on his films and was ready to negotiate for higher since he was barely earning. He received another setback when his producer stole the character, and also stole his animation crew by negotiating contracts with them. His producer thought he would cave and work with the mere 20% he was paid.

While most people would pack their bags and return home crying, or work for minimum wages, this dauntless young man went on to create his most successful cartoon character EVER – Mickey Mouse. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this amazing person is none other than the entrepreneur, cartoonist, animator, voice actor, and film producer Walt Disney. Reportedly, he was also told that Mickey Mouse would not work since a huge mouse on the screen would terrify women. Well, it seems that women were not scared, for this mouse has continued to share his story on screens all over the world, even today.

He did not let a string of failures overcome him, standing strong even through his toughest times. There must not be a single person who does not know Disney, or hasn’t heard the name “Disney”. The newspaper editor who fired him for “lack of imagination and no good ideas” must be rolling in his grave right now!

9. A film-maker

BEFORE:

He wanted to study film at the University of Southern California’s School of Cinematic Arts. However, he was rejected due to his “C” grade average. He applied for the second time but got rejected again. Overall, he applied to USC three times- but was rejected all three times. He then applied and was admitted to California State University, Long Beach, where he majored in English.

AFTER:

While still a student, he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department. He was later given the opportunity to make a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute, 35mm, Amblin’, which he wrote and directed. Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film, which had won a number of awards and offered him a seven-year directing contract. It made him the youngest director ever to be signed for a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio. Yes, I am talking about the exceptionally talented Steven Spielberg.

Today, he is a very successful film-maker and is known for his movies: Jaws, Jurassic Park, Schindler’s List, Catch Me If You Can etc. He has directed 27 movies over four decades, has won 3 Oscars, including two for Best Director.The gross of all Spielberg-directed films is said to exceed $8.5 billion worldwide. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion.

Imagine the kind of films we would have lost out on, had he decided to give up on film-making altogether after being rejected thrice by his dream school!

10. An Author

BEFORE:

This woman needs no introduction. Her books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide. But there was a time in her life when she was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide. Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child. She signed up for government aid ( she was so poor, she could not afford to support herself and her daughter), describing her economic status as being “poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless.”

In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry “came fully formed” into her mind. In 1995, she finished the manuscript of her first book on an old manual typewriter. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript. Editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury advised her to get a day job since she had little chance of making money from writing children’s books.

AFTER:

Today, she is United Kingdom’s best-selling living author, with an estimated fortune of £560 million, ranking her as the twelfth richest woman in the UK. She is none other than J.K Rowling – the creator of the Harry Potter series. Saying that the Harry Potter franchise was and is a success would be an understatement.

Feeling inspired? Just remember: Nothing is impossible.

Carpe diem!